{"id":435,"date":"2010-10-27T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2010-10-27T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/achrs.org\/english\/2010\/10\/27\/convention-on-the-rights-of-the-child\/"},"modified":"2010-10-27T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2010-10-27T00:00:00","slug":"convention-on-the-rights-of-the-child","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/achrs.org\/english\/2010\/10\/27\/convention-on-the-rights-of-the-child\/","title":{"rendered":"Convention on the Rights of the Child"},"content":{"rendered":"<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">PREAMBLE<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">The States Parties to the present Convention,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Considering that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed in      the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the inherent dignity and      of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is      the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,<\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <!--more-->  <\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Bearing in mind that the peoples of the United Nations have, in the      Charter, reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights and in the dignity      and worth of the human person, and have determined to promote social progress      and better standards of life in larger freedom,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Recognizing that the United Nations has, in the Universal Declaration      of Human Rights and in the International Covenants on Human Rights, proclaimed      and agreed that everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth      therein, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language,      religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property,      birth or other status,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Recalling that, in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the      United Nations has proclaimed that childhood is entitled to special care and      assistance,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Convinced that the family, as the fundamental group of society and      the natural environment for the growth and well-being of all its members and      particularly children, should be afforded the necessary protection and assistance      so that it can fully assume its responsibilities within the community,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Recognizing that the child, for the full and harmonious development      of his or her personality, should grow up in a family environment, in an atmosphere      of happiness, love and understanding,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Considering that the child should be fully prepared to live an individual      life in society, and brought up in the spirit of the ideals proclaimed in      the Charter of the United Nations, and in particular in the spirit of peace,      dignity, tolerance, freedom, equality and solidarity,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Bearing in mind that the need to extend particular care to the child      has been stated in the Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child of 1924      and in the Declaration of the Rights of the Child adopted by the General Assembly      on 20 November 1959 and recognized in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,      in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (in particular      in articles 23 and 24), in the International Covenant on Economic, Social      and Cultural Rights (in particular in article 10) and in the statutes and      relevant instruments of specialized agencies and international organizations      concerned with the welfare of children, &#8216;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Bearing in mind that, as indicated in the Declaration of the Rights      of the Child, &#8220;the child, by reason of his physical and mental immaturity,      needs special safeguards and care, including appropriate legal protection,      before as well as after birth&#8221;,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Recalling the provisions of the Declaration on Social and Legal Principles      relating to the Protection and Welfare of Children, with Special Reference      to Foster Placement and Adoption Nationally and Internationally; the United      Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice      (The Beijing Rules) ; and the Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children      in Emergency and Armed Conflict,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Recognizing that, in all countries in the world, there are children      living in exceptionally difficult conditions, and that such children need      special consideration,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Taking due account of the importance of the traditions and cultural      values of each people for the protection and harmonious development of the      child,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Recognizing the importance of international co-operation for improving      the living conditions of children in every country, in particular in the developing      countries,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Have agreed as follows:<\/span><\/p>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><center><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"> PART I <\/span><\/center><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 1<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">For the purposes of the present Convention, a child means every human being      below the age of eighteen years unless under the law applicable to the child,      majority is attained earlier.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 2<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1. States Parties shall respect and ensure the rights set forth in the present      Convention to each child within their jurisdiction without discrimination      of any kind, irrespective of the child&#8217;s or his or her parent&#8217;s or legal guardian&#8217;s      race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national,      ethnic or social origin, property, disability, birth or other status.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that the      child is protected against all forms of discrimination or punishment on the      basis of the status, activities, expressed opinions, or beliefs of the child&#8217;s      parents, legal guardians, or family members.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 3<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1. In all actions concerning children, whether undertaken by public or private      social welfare institutions, courts of law, administrative authorities or      legislative bodies, the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2. States Parties undertake to ensure the child such protection and care      as is necessary for his or her well-being, taking into account the rights      and duties of his or her parents, legal guardians, or other individuals legally      responsible for him or her, and, to this end, shall take all appropriate legislative      and administrative measures.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">3. States Parties shall ensure that the institutions, services and facilities      responsible for the care or protection of children shall conform with the      standards established by competent authorities, particularly in the areas      of safety, health, in the number and suitability of their staff, as well as      competent supervision.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 4<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">States Parties shall undertake all appropriate legislative, administrative,      and other measures for the implementation of the rights recognized in the      present Convention. With regard to economic, social and cultural rights, States      Parties shall undertake such measures to the maximum extent of their available      resources and, where needed, within the framework of international co-operation.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 5<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">States Parties shall respect the responsibilities, rights and duties of parents      or, where applicable, the members of the extended family or community as provided      for by local custom, legal guardians or other persons legally responsible      for the child, to provide, in a manner consistent with the evolving capacities      of the child, appropriate direction and guidance in the exercise by the child      of the rights recognized in the present Convention.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 6<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1. States Parties recognize that every child has the inherent right to life.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2. States Parties shall ensure to the maximum extent possible the survival      and development of the child.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 7<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1. The child shall be registered immediately after birth and shall have the      right from birth to a name, the right to acquire a nationality and. as far      as possible, the right to know and be cared for by his or her parents.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2. States Parties shall ensure the implementation of these rights in accordance      with their national law and their obligations under the relevant international      instruments in this field, in particular where the child would otherwise be      stateless.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 8<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1. States Parties undertake to respect the right of the child to preserve      his or her identity, including nationality, name and family relations as recognized      by law without unlawful interference.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2. Where a child is illegally deprived of some or all of the elements of      his or her identity, States Parties shall provide appropriate assistance and      protection, with a view to re-establishing speedily his or her identity.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 9<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1. States Parties shall ensure that a child shall not be separated from his      or her parents against their will, except when competent authorities subject      to judicial review determine, in accordance with applicable law and procedures,      that such separation is necessary for the best interests of the child. Such      determination may be necessary in a particular case such as one involving      abuse or neglect of the child by the parents, or one where the parents are      living separately and a decision must be made as to the child&#8217;s place of residence.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2. In any proceedings pursuant to paragraph 1 of the present article, all      interested parties shall be given an opportunity to participate in the proceedings      and make their views known.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">3. States Parties shall respect the right of the child who is separated from      one or both parents to maintain personal relations and direct contact with      both parents on a regular basis, except if it is contrary to the child&#8217;s best      interests. 4. Where such separation results from any action initiated by a      State Party, such as the detention, imprisonment, exile, deportation or death      (including death arising from any cause while the person is in the custody      of the State) of one or both parents or of the child, that State Party shall,      upon request, provide the parents, the child or, if appropriate, another member      of the family with the essential information concerning the whereabouts of      the absent member(s) of the family unless the provision of the information      would be detrimental to the well-being of the child. States Parties shall      further ensure that the submission of such a request shall of itself entail      no adverse consequences for the person(s) concerned.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 10<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1. In accordance with the obligation of States Parties under article 9, paragraph      1, applications by a child or his or her parents to enter or leave a State      Party for the purpose of family reunification shall be dealt with by States      Parties in a positive, humane and expeditious manner. States Parties shall      further ensure that the submission of such a request shall entail no adverse      consequences for the applicants and for the members of their family.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2. A child whose parents reside in different States shall have the right      to maintain on a regular basis, save in exceptional circumstances personal      relations and direct contacts with both parents. Towards that end and in accordance      with the obligation of States Parties under article 9, paragraph 1, States      Parties shall respect the right of the child and his or her parents to leave      any country, including their own, and to enter their own country. The right      to leave any country shall be subject only to such restrictions as are prescribed      by law and which are necessary to protect the national security, public order      (ordre public), public health or morals or the rights and freedoms of others      and are consistent with the other rights recognized in the present Convention.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 11<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1. States Parties shall take measures to combat the illicit transfer and      non-return of children abroad.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2. To this end, States Parties shall promote the conclusion of bilateral      or multilateral agreements or accession to existing agreements.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 12<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(a) For respect of the rights or reputations of others; or<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(b) For the protection of national security or of public order (ordre        public), or of public health or morals.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1. States Parties shall assure to the child who is capable of forming his      or her own views the right to express those views freely in all matters affecting      the child, the views of the child being given due weight in accordance with      the age and maturity of the child.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2. For this purpose, the child shall in particular be provided the opportunity      to be heard in any judicial and administrative proceedings affecting the child,      either directly, or through a representative or an appropriate body, in a      manner consistent with the procedural rules of national law.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><strong>Article 13<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1. The child shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall      include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds,      regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form      of art, or through any other media of the child&#8217;s choice.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2. The exercise of this right may be subject to certain restrictions, but      these shall only be such as are provided by law and are necessary:<\/span><\/p>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 14<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1. States Parties shall respect the right of the child to freedom of thought,    conscience and religion.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2. States Parties shall respect the rights and duties of the parents and, when    applicable, legal guardians, to provide direction to the child in the exercise    of his or her right in a manner consistent with the evolving capacities of the    child.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">3. Freedom to manifest one&#8217;s religion or beliefs may be subject only to such    limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary to protect public safety,    order, health or morals, or the fundamental rights and freedoms of others.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 15<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1. States Parties recognize the rights of the child to freedom of association    and to freedom of peaceful assembly.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2. No restrictions may be placed on the exercise of these rights other than    those imposed in conformity with the law and which are necessary in a democratic    society in the interests of national security or public safety, public order    (ordre public), the protection of public health or morals or the protection    of the rights and freedoms of others.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 16<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1. No child shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his    or her privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to unlawful attacks on his    or her honour and reputation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2. The child has the right to the protection of the law against such interference    or attacks.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 17<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">States Parties recognize the important function performed by the mass media    and shall ensure that the child has access to information and material from    a diversity of national and international sources, especially those aimed at    the promotion of his or her social, spiritual and moral well-being and physical    and mental health. To this end, States Parties shall:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(a) Encourage the mass media to disseminate information and material    of social and cultural benefit to the child and in accordance with the spirit    of article 29;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(b) Encourage international co-operation in the production, exchange    and dissemination of such information and material from a diversity of cultural,    national and international sources;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(c) Encourage the production and dissemination of children&#8217;s books;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(d) Encourage the mass media to have particular regard to the linguistic    needs of the child who belongs to a minority group or who is indigenous;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(e) Encourage the development of appropriate guidelines for the protection    of the child from information and material injurious to his or her well-being,    bearing in mind the provisions of articles 13 and 18.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 18<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1. States Parties shall use their best efforts to ensure recognition of the    principle that both parents have common responsibilities for the upbringing    and development of the child. Parents or, as the case may be, legal guardians,    have the primary responsibility for the upbringing and development of the child.    The best interests of the child will be their basic concern.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2. For the purpose of guaranteeing and promoting the rights set forth in the    present Convention, States Parties shall render appropriate assistance to parents    and legal guardians in the performance of their child-rearing responsibilities    and shall ensure the development of institutions, facilities and services for    the care of children.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">3. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that children    of working parents have the right to benefit from child-care services and facilities    for which they are eligible.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 19<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1. States Parties shall take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social    and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or    mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment    or exploitation, including sexual abuse, while in the care of parent(s), legal    guardian(s) or any other person who has the care of the child.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2. Such protective measures should, as appropriate, include effective procedures    for the establishment of social programmes to provide necessary support for    the child and for those who have the care of the child, as well as for other    forms of prevention and for identification, reporting, referral, investigation,    treatment and follow-up of instances of child maltreatment described heretofore,    and, as appropriate, for judicial involvement.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 20<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1. A child temporarily or permanently deprived of his or her family environment,    or in whose own best interests cannot be allowed to remain in that environment,    shall be entitled to special protection and assistance provided by the State.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2. States Parties shall in accordance with their national laws ensure alternative    care for such a child.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">3. Such care could include, inter alia, foster placement, kafalah of Islamic law, adoption or if necessary placement in suitable institutions    for the care of children. When considering solutions, due regard shall be paid    to the desirability of continuity in a child&#8217;s upbringing and to the child&#8217;s    ethnic, religious, cultural and linguistic background.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 21<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">States Parties that recognize and\/or permit the system of adoption shall ensure    that the best interests of the child shall be the paramount consideration and    they shall:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(a) Ensure that the adoption of a child is authorized only by competent    authorities who determine, in accordance with applicable law and procedures    and on the basis of all pertinent and reliable information, that the adoption    is permissible in view of the child&#8217;s status concerning parents, relatives and    legal guardians and that, if required, the persons concerned have given their    informed consent to the adoption on the basis of such counselling as may be    necessary;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(b) Recognize that inter-country adoption may be considered as an alternative    means of child&#8217;s care, if the child cannot be placed in a foster or an adoptive    family or cannot in any suitable manner be cared for in the child&#8217;s country    of origin; (c) Ensure that the child concerned by inter-country adoption enjoys    safeguards and standards equivalent to those existing in the case of national    adoption;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(d) Take all appropriate measures to ensure that, in inter-country adoption,    the placement does not result in improper financial gain for those involved    in it;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(e) Promote, where appropriate, the objectives of the present article    by concluding bilateral or multilateral arrangements or agreements, and endeavour,    within this framework, to ensure that the placement of the child in another    country is carried out by competent authorities or organs.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 22<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1. States Parties shall take appropriate measures to ensure that a child who    is seeking refugee status or who is considered a refugee in accordance with    applicable international or domestic law and procedures shall, whether unaccompanied    or accompanied by his or her parents or by any other person, receive appropriate    protection and humanitarian assistance in the enjoyment of applicable rights    set forth in the present Convention and in other international human rights    or humanitarian instruments to which the said States are Parties.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2. For this purpose, States Parties shall provide, as they consider appropriate,    co-operation in any efforts by the United Nations and other competent intergovernmental    organizations or non-governmental organizations co-operating with the United    Nations to protect and assist such a child and to trace the parents or other    members of the family of any refugee child in order to obtain information necessary    for reunification with his or her family. In cases where no parents or other    members of the family can be found, the child shall be accorded the same protection    as any other child permanently or temporarily deprived of his or her family    environment for any reason , as set forth in the present Convention.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 23<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1. States Parties recognize that a mentally or physically disabled child should    enjoy a full and decent life, in conditions which ensure dignity, promote self-reliance    and facilitate the child&#8217;s active participation in the community.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2. States Parties recognize the right of the disabled child to special care    and shall encourage and ensure the extension, subject to available resources,    to the eligible child and those responsible for his or her care, of assistance    for which application is made and which is appropriate to the child&#8217;s condition    and to the circumstances of the parents or others caring for the child. 3. Recognizing    the special needs of a disabled child, assistance extended in accordance with    paragraph 2 of the present article shall be provided free of charge, whenever    possible, taking into account the financial resources of the parents or others    caring for the child, and shall be designed to ensure that the disabled child    has effective access to and receives education, training, health care services,    rehabilitation services, preparation for employment and recreation opportunities    in a manner conducive to the child&#8217;s achieving the fullest possible social integration    and individual development, including his or her cultural and spiritual development<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">4. States Parties shall promote, in the spirit of international cooperation,    the exchange of appropriate information in the field of preventive health care    and of medical, psychological and functional treatment of disabled children,    including dissemination of and access to information concerning methods of rehabilitation,    education and vocational services, with the aim of enabling States Parties to    improve their capabilities and skills and to widen their experience in these    areas. In this regard, particular account shall be taken of the needs of developing    countries.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 24<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1. States Parties recognize the right of the child to the enjoyment of the    highest attainable standard of health and to facilities for the treatment of    illness and rehabilitation of health. States Parties shall strive to ensure    that no child is deprived of his or her right of access to such health care    services.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2. States Parties shall pursue full implementation of this right and, in particular,    shall take appropriate measures:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(a) To diminish infant and child mortality;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(b) To ensure the provision of necessary medical assistance and health    care to all children with emphasis on the development of primary health care;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(c) To combat disease and malnutrition, including within the framework    of primary health care, through, inter alia, the application of readily available    technology and through the provision of adequate nutritious foods and clean    drinking-water, taking into consideration the dangers and risks of environmental    pollution;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(d) To ensure appropriate pre-natal and post-natal health care for mothers;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(e) To ensure that all segments of society, in particular parents and    children, are informed, have access to education and are supported in the use    of basic knowledge of child health and nutrition, the advantages of breastfeeding,    hygiene and environmental sanitation and the prevention of accidents;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(f) To develop preventive health care, guidance for parents and family    planning education and services.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">3. States Parties shall take all effective and appropriate measures with a    view to abolishing traditional practices prejudicial to the health of children.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">4. States Parties undertake to promote and encourage international co-operation    with a view to achieving progressively the full realization of the right recognized    in the present article. In this regard, particular account shall be taken of    the needs of developing countries.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 25<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">States Parties recognize the right of a child who has been placed by the competent    authorities for the purposes of care, protection or treatment of his or her    physical or mental health, to a periodic review of the treatment provided to    the child and all other circumstances relevant to his or her placement.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 26<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1. States Parties shall recognize for every child the right to benefit from    social security, including social insurance, and shall take the necessary measures    to achieve the full realization of this right in accordance with their national    law.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2. The benefits should, where appropriate, be granted, taking into account    the resources and the circumstances of the child and persons having responsibility    for the maintenance of the child, as well as any other consideration relevant    to an application for benefits made by or on behalf of the child.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 27<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1. States Parties recognize the right of every child to a standard of living    adequate for the child&#8217;s physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social development.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2. The parent(s) or others responsible for the child have the primary responsibility    to secure, within their abilities and financial capacities, the conditions of    living necessary for the child&#8217;s development.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">3. States Parties, in accordance with national conditions and within their    means, shall take appropriate measures to assist parents and others responsible    for the child to implement this right and shall in case of need provide material    assistance and support programmes, particularly with regard to nutrition, clothing    and housing.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">4. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to secure the recovery    of maintenance for the child from the parents or other persons having financial    responsibility for the child, both within the State Party and from abroad. In    particular, where the person having financial responsibility for the child lives    in a State different from that of the child, States Parties shall promote the    accession to international agreements or the conclusion of such agreements,    as well as the making of other appropriate arrangements.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 28<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1. States Parties recognize the right of the child to education, and with a    view to achieving this right progressively and on the basis of equal opportunity,    they shall, in particular:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(a) Make primary education compulsory and available free to all;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(b) Encourage the development of different forms of secondary education,    including general and vocational education, make them available and accessible    to every child, and take appropriate measures such as the introduction of free    education and offering financial assistance in case of need;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(c) Make higher education accessible to all on the basis of capacity    by every appropriate means;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(d) Make educational and vocational information and guidance available    and accessible to all children;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(e) Take measures to encourage regular attendance at schools and the    reduction of drop-out rates.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that school    discipline is administered in a manner consistent with the child&#8217;s human dignity    and in conformity with the present Convention.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">3. States Parties shall promote and encourage international cooperation in    matters relating to education, in particular with a view to contributing to    the elimination of ignorance and illiteracy throughout the world and facilitating    access to scientific and technical knowledge and modern teaching methods. In    this regard, particular account shall be taken of the needs of developing countries.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 29<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1. States Parties agree that the education of the child shall be directed to:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(a) The development of the child&#8217;s personality, talents and mental and    physical abilities to their fullest potential;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(b) The development of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms,    and for the principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(c) The development of respect for the child&#8217;s parents, his or her own    cultural identity, language and values, for the national values of the country    in which the child is living, the country from which he or she may originate,    and for civilizations different from his or her own;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(d) The preparation of the child for responsible life in a free society,    in the spirit of understanding, peace, tolerance, equality of sexes, and friendship    among all peoples, ethnic, national and religious groups and persons of indigenous    origin;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(e) The development of respect for the natural environment.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2. No part of the present article or article 28 shall be construed so as to    interfere with the liberty of individuals and bodies to establish and direct    educational institutions, subject always to the observance of the principle    set forth in paragraph 1 of the present article and to the requirements that    the education given in such institutions shall conform to such minimum standards    as may be laid down by the State.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 30<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">In those States in which ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities or persons    of indigenous origin exist, a child belonging to such a minority or who is indigenous    shall not be denied the right, in community with other members of his or her    group, to enjoy his or her own culture, to profess and practise his or her own    religion, or to use his or her own language.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 31<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1. States Parties recognize the right of the child to rest and leisure, to    engage in play and recreational activities appropriate to the age of the child    and to participate freely in cultural life and the arts.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2. States Parties shall respect and promote the right of the child to participate    fully in cultural and artistic life and shall encourage the provision of appropriate    and equal opportunities for cultural, artistic, recreational and leisure activity.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 32<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1. States Parties recognize the right of the child to be protected from economic    exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or    to interfere with the child&#8217;s education, or to be harmful to the child&#8217;s health    or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2. States Parties shall take legislative, administrative, social and educational    measures to ensure the implementation of the present article. To this end, and    having regard to the relevant provisions of other international instruments,    States Parties shall in particular: (a) Provide for a minimum age or minimum    ages for admission to employment;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(b) Provide for appropriate regulation of the hours and conditions of    employment;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(c) Provide for appropriate penalties or other sanctions to ensure the    effective enforcement of the present article.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 33<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">States Parties shall take all appropriate measures, including legislative,    administrative, social and educational measures, to protect children from the    illicit use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances as defined in the    relevant international treaties, and to prevent the use of children in the illicit    production and trafficking of such substances.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 34<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">States Parties undertake to protect the child from all forms of sexual exploitation    and sexual abuse. For these purposes, States Parties shall in particular take    all appropriate national, bilateral and multilateral measures to prevent:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(a) The inducement or coercion of a child to engage in any unlawful    sexual activity;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(b) The exploitative use of children in prostitution or other unlawful    sexual practices;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(c) The exploitative use of children in pornographic performances and    materials.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 35<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">States Parties shall take all appropriate national, bilateral and multilateral    measures to prevent the abduction of, the sale of or traffic in children for    any purpose or in any form.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 36<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">States Parties shall protect the child against all other forms of exploitation    prejudicial to any aspects of the child&#8217;s welfare.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 37<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">States Parties shall ensure that:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(a) No child shall be subjected to torture or other cruel, inhuman or    degrading treatment or punishment. Neither capital punishment nor life imprisonment    without possibility of release shall be imposed for offences committed by persons    below eighteen years of age;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(b) No child shall be deprived of his or her liberty unlawfully or arbitrarily.    The arrest, detention or imprisonment of a child shall be in conformity with    the law and shall be used only as a measure of last resort and for the shortest    appropriate period of time;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(c) Every child deprived of liberty shall be treated with humanity and    respect for the inherent dignity of the human person, and in a manner which    takes into account the needs of persons of his or her age. In particular, every    child deprived of liberty shall be separated from adults unless it is considered    in the child&#8217;s best interest not to do so and shall have the right to maintain    contact with his or her family through correspondence and visits, save in exceptional    circumstances;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(d) Every child deprived of his or her liberty shall have the right    to prompt access to legal and other appropriate assistance, as well as the right    to challenge the legality of the deprivation of his or her liberty before a    court or other competent, independent and impartial authority, and to a prompt    decision on any such action.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 38<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1. States Parties undertake to respect and to ensure respect for rules of international    humanitarian law applicable to them in armed conflicts which are relevant to    the child.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2. States Parties shall take all feasible measures to ensure that persons who    have not attained the age of fifteen years do not take a direct part in hostilities.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">3. States Parties shall refrain from recruiting any person who has not attained    the age of fifteen years into their armed forces. In recruiting among those    persons who have attained the age of fifteen years but who have not attained    the age of eighteen years, States Parties shall endeavour to give priority to    those who are oldest.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">4. In accordance with their obligations under international humanitarian law    to protect the civilian population in armed conflicts, States Parties shall    take all feasible measures to ensure protection and care of children who are    affected by an armed conflict.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 39<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to promote physical and    psychological recovery and social reintegration of a child victim of: any form    of neglect, exploitation, or abuse; torture or any other form of cruel, inhuman    or degrading treatment or punishment; or armed conflicts. Such recovery and    reintegration shall take place in an environment which fosters the health, self-respect    and dignity of the child.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 40<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1. States Parties recognize the right of every child alleged as, accused of,    or recognized as having infringed the penal law to be treated in a manner consistent    with the promotion of the child&#8217;s sense of dignity and worth, which reinforces    the child&#8217;s respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of others    and which takes into account the child&#8217;s age and the desirability of promoting    the child&#8217;s reintegration and the child&#8217;s assuming a constructive role in society.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2. To this end, and having regard to the relevant provisions of international    instruments, States Parties shall, in particular, ensure that:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(a) No child shall be alleged as, be accused of, or recognized as having    infringed the penal law by reason of acts or omissions that were not prohibited    by national or international law at the time they were committed;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(b) Every child alleged as or accused of having infringed the penal    law has at least the following guarantees:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(i) To be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to law;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(ii) To be informed promptly and directly of the charges against him or her,    and, if appropriate, through his or her parents or legal guardians, and to have    legal or other appropriate assistance in the preparation and presentation of    his or her defence;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(iii) To have the matter determined without delay by a competent, independent    and impartial authority or judicial body in a fair hearing according to law,    in the presence of legal or other appropriate assistance and, unless it is considered    not to be in the best interest of the child, in particular, taking into account    his or her age or situation, his or her parents or legal guardians;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(iv) Not to be compelled to give testimony or to confess guilt; to examine    or have examined adverse witnesses and to obtain the participation and examination    of witnesses on his or her behalf under conditions of equality;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(v) If considered to have infringed the penal law, to have this decision and    any measures imposed in consequence thereof reviewed by a higher competent,    independent and impartial authority or judicial body according to law;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(vi) To have the free assistance of an interpreter if the child cannot understand    or speak the language used;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(vii) To have his or her privacy fully respected at all stages of the proceedings.    3. States Parties shall seek to promote the establishment of laws, procedures,    authorities and institutions specifically applicable to children alleged as,    accused of, or recognized as having infringed the penal law, and, in particular:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(a) The establishment of a minimum age below which children shall be    presumed not to have the capacity to infringe the penal law;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(b) Whenever appropriate and desirable, measures for dealing with such    children without resorting to judicial proceedings, providing that human rights    and legal safeguards are fully respected.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">4. A variety of dispositions, such as care, guidance and supervision orders;    counselling; probation; foster care; education and vocational training programmes    and other alternatives to institutional care shall be available to ensure that    children are dealt with in a manner appropriate to their well-being and proportionate    both to their circumstances and the offence.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 41<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Nothing in the present Convention shall affect any provisions which are more    conducive to the realization of the rights of the child and which may be contained    in:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(a) The law of a State party; or<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(b) International law in force for that State.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">PART II<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 42<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">States Parties undertake to make the principles and provisions of the Convention    widely known, by appropriate and active means, to adults and children alike.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 43<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1. For the purpose of examining the progress made by States Parties in achieving    the realization of the obligations undertaken in the present Convention, there    shall be established a Committee on the Rights of the Child, which shall carry    out the functions hereinafter provided.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2. The Committee shall consist of ten experts of high moral standing and recognized    competence in the field covered by this Convention. The members of the Committee    shall be elected by States Parties from among their nationals and shall serve    in their personal capacity, consideration being given to equitable geographical    distribution, as well as to the principal legal systems.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">3. The members of the Committee shall be elected by secret ballot from a list    of persons nominated by States Parties. Each State Party may nominate one person    from among its own nationals.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">4. The initial election to the Committee shall be held no later than six months    after the date of the entry into force of the present Convention and thereafter    every second year. At least four months before the date of each election, the    Secretary-General of the United Nations shall address a letter to States Parties    inviting them to submit their nominations within two months. The Secretary-General    shall subsequently prepare a list in alphabetical order of all persons thus    nominated, indicating States Parties which have nominated them, and shall submit    it to the States Parties to the present Convention.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">5. The elections shall be held at meetings of States Parties convened by the    Secretary-General at United Nations Headquarters. At those meetings, for which    two thirds of States Parties shall constitute a quorum, the persons elected    to the Committee shall be those who obtain the largest number of votes and an    absolute majority of the votes of the representatives of States Parties present    and voting.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">6. The members of the Committee shall be elected for a term of four years.    They shall be eligible for re-election if renominated. The term of five of the    members elected at the first election shall expire at the end of two years;    immediately after the first election, the names of these five members shall    be chosen by lot by the Chairman of the meeting.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">7. If a member of the Committee dies or resigns or declares that for any other    cause he or she can no longer perform the duties of the Committee, the State    Party which nominated the member shall appoint another expert from among its    nationals to serve for the remainder of the term, subject to the approval of    the Committee.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">8. The Committee shall establish its own rules of procedure.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">9. The Committee shall elect its officers for a period of two years.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">10. The meetings of the Committee shall normally be held at United Nations    Headquarters or at any other convenient place as determined by the Committee.    The Committee shall normally meet annually. The duration of the meetings of    the Committee shall be determined, and reviewed, if necessary, by a meeting    of the States Parties to the present Convention, subject to the approval of    the General Assembly.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">11. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall provide the necessary    staff and facilities for the effective performance of the functions of the Committee    under the present Convention.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">12. With the approval of the General Assembly, the members of the Committee    established under the present Convention shall receive emoluments from United    Nations resources on such terms and conditions as the Assembly may decide.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 44<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1. States Parties undertake to submit to the Committee, through the Secretary-General    of the United Nations, reports on the measures they have adopted which give    effect to the rights recognized herein and on the progress made on the enjoyment    of those rights:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(a) Within two years of the entry into force of the Convention for the    State Party concerned;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(b) Thereafter every five years.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2. Reports made under the present article shall indicate factors and difficulties,    if any, affecting the degree of fulfilment of the obligations under the present    Convention. Reports shall also contain sufficient information to provide the    Committee with a comprehensive understanding of the implementation of the Convention    in the country concerned.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">3. A State Party which has submitted a comprehensive initial report to the    Committee need not, in its subsequent reports submitted in accordance with paragraph    1 (b) of the present article, repeat basic information previously provided.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">4. The Committee may request from States Parties further information relevant    to the implementation of the Convention.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">5. The Committee shall submit to the General Assembly, through the Economic    and Social Council, every two years, reports on its activities.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">6. States Parties shall make their reports widely available to the public in    their own countries.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 45<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">In order to foster the effective implementation of the Convention and to encourage    international co-operation in the field covered by the Convention:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(a) The specialized agencies, the United Nations Children&#8217;s Fund, and    other United Nations organs shall be entitled to be represented at the consideration    of the implementation of such provisions of the present Convention as fall within    the scope of their mandate. The Committee may invite the specialized agencies,    the United Nations Children&#8217;s Fund and other competent bodies as it may consider    appropriate to provide expert advice on the implementation of the Convention    in areas falling within the scope of their respective mandates. The Committee    may invite the specialized agencies, the United Nations Children&#8217;s Fund, and    other United Nations organs to submit reports on the implementation of the Convention    in areas falling within the scope of their activities;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(b) The Committee shall transmit, as it may consider appropriate, to    the specialized agencies, the United Nations Children&#8217;s Fund and other competent    bodies, any reports from States Parties that contain a request, or indicate    a need, for technical advice or assistance, along with the Committee&#8217;s observations    and suggestions, if any, on these requests or indications;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(c) The Committee may recommend to the General Assembly to request the    Secretary-General to undertake on its behalf studies on specific issues relating    to the rights of the child;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(d) The Committee may make suggestions and general recommendations based    on information received pursuant to articles 44 and 45 of the present Convention.    Such suggestions and general recommendations shall be transmitted to any State    Party concerned and reported to the General Assembly, together with comments,    if any, from States Parties.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">PART III<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 46<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">The present Convention shall be open for signature by all States.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 47<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">The present Convention is subject to ratification. Instruments of ratification    shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 48<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">The present Convention shall remain open for accession by any State. The instruments    of accession shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 49<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1. The present Convention shall enter into force on the thirtieth day following    the date of deposit with the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the    twentieth instrument of ratification or accession.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2. For each State ratifying or acceding to the Convention after the deposit    of the twentieth instrument of ratification or accession, the Convention shall    enter into force on the thirtieth day after the deposit by such State of its    instrument of ratification or accession. Article 50<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1. Any State Party may propose an amendment and file it with the Secretary-General    of the United Nations. The Secretary-General shall thereupon communicate the    proposed amendment to States Parties, with a request that they indicate whether    they favour a conference of States Parties for the purpose of considering and    voting upon the proposals. In the event that, within four months from the date    of such communication, at least one third of the States Parties favour such    a conference, the Secretary-General shall convene the conference under the auspices    of the United Nations. Any amendment adopted by a majority of States Parties    present and voting at the conference shall be submitted to the General Assembly    for approval.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2. An amendment adopted in accordance with paragraph 1 of the present article    shall enter into force when it has been approved by the General Assembly of    the United Nations and accepted by a two-thirds majority of States Parties.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">3. When an amendment enters into force, it shall be binding on those States    Parties which have accepted it, other States Parties still being bound by the    provisions of the present Convention and any earlier amendments which they have    accepted.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 51<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall receive and circulate    to all States the text of reservations made by States at the time of ratification    or accession.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2. A reservation incompatible with the object and purpose of the present Convention    shall not be permitted.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">3. Reservations may be withdrawn at any time by notification to that effect    addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall then inform    all States. Such notification shall take effect on the date on which it is received    by the Secretary-General<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 52<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">A State Party may denounce the present Convention by written notification to    the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Denunciation becomes effective    one year after the date of receipt of the notification by the Secretary-General.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 53<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">The Secretary-General of the United Nations is designated as the depositary    of the present Convention.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Article 54<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">The original of the present Convention, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English,    French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited    with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">IN WITNESS THEREOF the undersigned plenipotentiaries, being duly authorized    thereto by their respective governments, have signed the present Convention.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>PREAMBLE The States Parties to the present Convention, Considering that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, Bearing in &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-435","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-rights-of-the-child"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - 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