A security camera seen overlooking the West Bank City of Hebron<\/p>\n
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\nThe Israeli authorities use surveillance as a tool to eliminate rights, physical space or presence, and even – in extreme cases – life<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
Click here to view or download as PDF!<\/a><\/p>\n
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Last month during the United Nations General Assembly, Ant\u00f3nio Guterres – the UN secretary General – addressed concerns over the threat that spyware programs, such as the Israeli military-grade software \u201cPegasus<\/em>\u201d, pose for human rights activists and organizations. He expressed particular concern for the safety of Palestinian, Bahraini and Moroccan human rights defenders, especially those having links with the United Nations; as some of them had been subjected to arbitrary detention, torture and sexual assault by security forces.<\/p>\n
The Pegasus<\/em> spyware is a surveillance software, developed by the Israeli cyber surveillance company NSO Group<\/em>, licensed and sold to governments around the world. It has the ability to \u201cinfect\u201d and collect data from billions of mobile phones worldwide without the user\u2019s consent. It can extract any information, record calls, copy messages, track and even secretly videotape from mobile devices.<\/p>\n
The Pegasus <\/em>spyware is considered to be one of the most advanced surveillance systems ever developed however, it is only one of the many weapons in Israel\u2019s growing arsenal of surveillance technologies.<\/p>\n
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Israel: a surveillance State<\/strong><\/p>\n
Israel is a surveillance state par excellence.<\/em> It possesses a wide range of vigilant technologies, a diverse military and intelligence agency, as well as a large military-industrial complex allowing Tel Aviv to establish itself as a world leader in the development and export of surveillance technologies.<\/p>\n
This expertise and technological know-how allows the Israeli government to legitimize – especially in the West – its abusive control and surveillance practices towards Palestinians. They do not only target suspected Palestinians, but also political opponents, journalists, members of civil society and anyone they perceive as a threat.<\/p>\n
In the Palestinian Territories, Israeli surveillance is systematic and daily. It combines a mix of low and high-tech tools, but also old-fashioned intelligence and data gathering methods. High-tech tools are generally sophisticated technologies, enabling remote data gathering and surveillance such as drones, robots, cameras, computer viruses and spyware – namely Pegasus<\/em>.<\/p>\n
Low-tech tools, on the other hand, include older or less sophisticated technologies such as identity cards, checkpoints, telephone tapping, but also old-fashioned information gathering methods like the use of intelligence agents, police forces, informants and spies. These different tools and methods are complementary, allowing a total control of the population and territory; two central aspects of Israeli\u2019s surveillance system.<\/p>\n
According to Scholar Helga Tawil-Souri – who focuses on spatiality, technology and politics in the Middle East – Israel\u2019s surveillance system controls and \u201ckeeps an eye on Palestinians while constituting them as security threats and dangerous population\u201d. Its aim is essentially articulated around the exclusion of Palestinians, through restriction to mobility and access to territory, rather than inclusion. In other words, as Ariel Handel puts it: \u201cthe Israeli authorities use surveillance as a tool to eliminate rights, physical space or presence, and even – in extreme cases – life\u201d rather than trying to integrate Palestinians into society and allowing them to lead a normal life.<\/p>\n
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Surveillance system implemented in Palestinian Territories<\/strong><\/p>\n
In Jerusalem and in the West Bank, checkpoints, security cameras and internet monitoring are among the most widely used surveillance methods implemented by the Israeli regime.<\/p>\n
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Checkpoints <\/u><\/p>\n
The original objective of checkpoints was to regulate population movement, but also to identify and gather information. However, since the emergence of the second intifada – in the early 2000\u2019s – their purpose has drastically changed. Checkpoints and roadblocks were no longer means of regulation and data gathering, but rather a mean of restricting all Palestinian movement, in order to deter them from moving at all.<\/p>\n
Today, in most of the the 600 checkpoints spread across the West Bank, nothing is even written down, recorded or even transmitted, and passage regulations are unclear and constantly changing. They are often improvised checkpoints, without any technological equipment, and their function \u201cresembles more to a piece of theatre than an administrative act\u201d, according to Handel.<\/p>\n
Some scholars – such as Lyon, Zureik and Abu-Laban – argue that this method of surveillance and control enables Israeli authorities to \u201cradicalize\u201d Palestinian time. According to them, mastering time is an essential condition because it allows humans to distinguish themselves from animals. However, with the use of checkpoints and roadblocks \u201cPalestinian space shifts, time slows and mobility is constrained\u201d while Israelis, on the other hand, have \u201cfreedom of movement and expansion through space and control\u201d, states Handel.<\/p>\n
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Security cameras & biometric devices<\/u><\/p>\n
Today, Jerusalem in one of the most monitored cities in the world. Thousands of digital cameras and biometric devices are spread across the city. According to 2014 estimations, there was one security camera for every 100 Palestinian resident. Most of them are ultra-sophisticated, capable of facial recognition and reading license plates, but also equipped with tracking systems, aerial view and some even able to see behind walls.<\/p>\n
Recently, the Washington Post revealed that the Israeli army is using a new advanced facial recognition technology in the West Bank dubbed \u201cBlue Wolf\u201d.<\/p>\n
It is a smartphone technology that collects pictures of Palestinians – captured in the streets, checkpoints and in their homes by soldiers and security cameras – and later stocked in a database run by the Israeli military and intelligence. This new technology alerts soldiers if a person is to be detained, arrested or left alone and is often used against international human right activists to prevent them from re-entering Israel.<\/p>\n
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Internet monitoring <\/u><\/p>\n
In addition to ultra-sophisticated cameras, the Israeli government has also invested millions of dollars in other surveillance methods, such as the Special Intelligence unit called \u201cunit 8200\u201d. It is comprised of several thousand people, capable of intercepting almost all kinds of tele-communications; including phone calls, text messages, emails and online content in Israel, Palestine, but also abroad.<\/p>\n
Although Israel\u2019s surveillance system continues to use low-tech surveillance equipment and old-fashioned data gathering methods in everyday life, the emergence and constant evolution of new surveillance technologies encourages the Israeli secret services to adapt and redirect their attention towards social media and the internet. In 2021, according to Palestinian Prisoners\u2019 Center for Studies, 390 Palestinians were arrested for \u201cinciting violence\u201d on social media.<\/p>\n
Jonathan Hempel, a human rights activist and co-founder of the Database of Israeli Military & Security Export (DIMSE), flagged the Israeli surveillance as \u201cnot just an invasion of privacy\u201d but \u201ca real threat to our most basic rights\u201d.<\/p>\n
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Consequences of the surveillance on Palestinians <\/strong><\/p>\n
The daily, systematic and constant surveillance of Palestinians by Israeli authorities has generated many lasting negative effects. Palestinians have the impression that they live in a panopticon and that they are all prisoners of Israeli surveillance. The restriction to mobility and the exclusion from society have greatly contributed to the creation of a collective psychosis among Palestinians, often associated with fear, paranoia, anxiety and distress.<\/p>\n
This intrusive surveillance is also at the root of trauma and many mental health problems observed among many Palestinians today. Moreover, not being able to control one\u2019s time, access to resources and move freely, significantly reduces future prospects and economic prosperity for Palestinians. According to Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the unemployment rate in Palestine has reached 26% in 2021; 16% in the West Bank and 47% in Gaza. However, according to UNCTAD, by the end of 2021, 54% of Palestinian women were unemployed compared to 30% of men. Latest data also reveal that 36% of Palestinians live below the poverty line today.<\/p>\n
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Gaza<\/u><\/p>\n
In the case of Gaza, the blockade and numerous travel, economic and social restrictions have inflicted a heavy psychological toll on the population, resulting in high trauma and suicide rates, especially among the youngest. In 2017, for example, around 225,000 children, more than 10% of the population of Gaza, needed psychological support. Lana Matar, a mother of two explains that, \u201cbecause of this continuing state of fear, children have little hope that they\u2019ll live a long life in Gaza\u201d. Mustafa Al-Masri, a specialist in psychology and mental health, describes life in Gaza as \u201cpsychological torture\u201d.<\/p>\n
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Jerusalem and West Bank<\/u><\/p>\n
Although the effects of Israeli surveillance in Jerusalem and the West Bank are less extreme than in Gaza, they are still intrusive and impact the lives of Palestinians everyday. Yaser Abu-Markyah, a resident in the southern West Bank city of Hebron, reveals that he no longer lets his children play outside and that Palestinians are no longer comfortable socializing, as cameras are always filming them. According to him, the surveillance technologies have stripped Palestinians of the last vestiges of their privacy. Jalal Abukater, a Palestinian residing in Jerusalem, explains that surveillance is so pervasive that he found himself living in a \u201csurveillance society, not that different from the dystopian science fiction books and films that are popular these days\u201d.<\/p>\n
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ACHRS\u2019 position<\/strong><\/p>\n
ACHRS strongly condemns Israel\u2019s surveillance system, as it violates Palestinians\u2019 basic human rights. The intrusive surveillance perpetuated by Israeli authorities is contributing to the erosion of Palestinians\u2019 right to privacy, assembly, movement and freedom of expression.<\/p>\n
We firmly condemn NSO\u2019s Pegasus Spyware and Blue wolf technology, as well as all act of discrimination, violence and human rights abuse perpetuated against Palestinian civil society.<\/p>\n
ACHRS calls on all UN member states, especially the five permanent members of the Security council, to take concrete measure to protect Palestinians\u2019 basic fundamental human rights and put an end to these long-lasting abuses.<\/p>\n
We encourage the UN to ban the use of the Pegasus and Blue Wolf spyware and conduct a comprehensive investigation into the use of these technologies against Palestinian civil society and members of the public at large.<\/p>\n
Furthermore, we call on the UN to compile a comprehensive list of individuals and entities responsible for perpetuating these human rights violations and submit them for blacklisting or sanctioning.<\/p>\n
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Picture source: (Nati Shohat\/Flash90) 972 Magazine<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n
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References:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n
Abukhater, Jalal. 2022. \u00ab Under Israeli surveillance : Living in dystopia, in Palestine \u00bb. En ligne. https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/opinions\/2022\/4\/13\/under-israeli-surveillance-living-in-dystopia-in-palestine<\/a>\u00a0 (page consulted on November 19, 2022).<\/span><\/p>\n
Abu Sneineh, Mustafa. 2021. \u00ab Meet Blue Wolf, the app Israel uses to spy on Palestinians in the occupied West Bank \u00bb. https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/israel-whats-blue-wolf-app-soldiers-use-photograph-palestinians <\/a>(page consulted on November 21, 2022).<\/p>\n
Akkad, Dania. 2022. \u00ab Pegasus and other spyware threatens UN human rights work, Guterres warns \u00bb. https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/pegasus-spyware-threatens-un-human-rights-work <\/a>(page consulted on November 20, 2022).<\/p>\n
Alashqar, Yaser. 2019. \u00ab Gaza : what life is like under the continuing Israeli blockade \u00bb. En ligne. https:\/\/theconversation.com\/gaza-what-life-is-like-under-the-continuing-israeli-blockade-124528<\/a> (page consulted on November 19, 2022).<\/span><\/p>\n
Dowskin, Elizabeth. 2021. \u00ab Israel escalates surveillance of Palestinians with facial recongnition program in West Bank \u00bb. En ligne. https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/middle_east\/israel-palestinians-surveillance-facial-recognition\/2021\/11\/05\/3787bf42-26b2-11ec-8739-5cb6aba30a30_story.html<\/a> (page consulted on November 19, 2022).<\/span><\/p>\n
Guido Veronese, Pepe Alessandro, Diab Marwan, Abu Jamey Yasser et Kagee Ashraf. 2021. \u00ab Living under Siege: Resilience, Hopelessness, and Psychological Distress among Palestinian Students in the Gaza Strip \u00bb. Global Mental Health 8.<\/span><\/p>\n
Handel, Ariel. 2010. \u00ab Exclusionary surveillance and spatial uncertainty in the occupied Palestinian territories \u00bb. Surveillance and Control in Israel\/Palestine: p283-299.<\/span><\/p>\n
Hempel, Jonathan. 2022. \u00ab The watchful eye of Israel’s surveillance empire \u00bb. https:\/\/www.972mag.com\/israel-surveillance-facial-recognition\/ <\/a>(page consulted on November 20, 2022).<\/p>\n
Klein, Roland. 2021. \u00ab Trimming Pegasus\u2019 Wings: International Export Control Law and \u2018Cyberweapons\u2019\u00bb. V\u00f6lkerrechtsblog.<\/p>\n
MiddleEastMonitor. 2022. \u00ab Israel arrested 390 Palestinians last year for “inciting violence” on social media \u00bb. https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20220110-israel-arrested-390-palestinians-last-year-for-inciting-violence-on-social-media\/ <\/a>(page consulted on November 20, 2022).<\/p>\n
Pegg, Davind and Cutler, Sam. 2021. \u00ab What is Pegasus spyware and how does it hack phones \u00bb. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2021\/jul\/18\/what-is-pegasus-spyware-and-how-does-it-hack-phones<\/a> (page consulted on November 20, 2022).<\/p>\n
Shtaya, Mona. 2022. \u00ab Nowhere to hide : The impact of Israel\u2019s digital surveillance regime on the Palestinians \u00bb. En ligne. https:\/\/www.mei.edu\/publications\/nowhere-hide-impact-israels-digital-surveillance-regime-palestinians<\/a> (page consulted on November 19, 2022).<\/p>\n
Tawil-Souri, Helga. 2012. \u00ab Uneven Borders, Coloured (Im)mobilities: ID Cards in Palestine\/Israel \u00bb Geopolitics 17 (no. 1): p153-176.<\/p>\n
Tawil-Souri, Helga. 2016. \u00ab Surveillance sublime: The security state in Jerusalem \u00bb. Jerusalem Quarterly 68: p56-65.<\/p>\n